结合病例读指南01—(服用抗血小板药物的脑出血病人围手术期处理)
作者:赵明媚


询问病史,病人有高血压病史,有冠脉支架病史,正口服波立维、阿司匹林抗血小板药物。
摆在我们面前的问题
1.是否可以急症手术,口服抗血小板药物是否手术禁忌?
2.围手术期抗血小板药物如何使用?
3.止血药物是否可以使用?
阅读指南共识给寻找答案,神经外科围手术期出血防治专家共识(2018) | 中华医学会神经外科学分会
对于口服阿司匹林或氯吡格雷等抗血小板药物者,如要行择期手术,一般需停药5~10d,具体应参照血小板聚集率。如需急诊手术,可给予去氨加压素和(或)血小板输注支持治疗
2)术前接受抗血小板药物治疗患者的处理原则:
对于非急诊病人
①一般情况下,对于择期手术患者,如术前服用阿司匹林或氯吡格雷,则建议停药至少5d,最好10d;如患者术后无明显出血征象,术后复查头颅CT可,则24h后可恢复服用。
②对于血栓事件中高危的患者,建议继续应用阿司匹林至手术;服用氯吡格雷者则至少停药5d,尽可能停药10d。
③冠状动脉放置金属裸支架的患者,建议择期手术安排在支架术后6周进行,需同时继续服用阿司匹林。若冠状动脉支架为药物洗脱支架,则建议择期手术安排在术后6-12个月进行,需继续服用阿司匹林。如药物洗脱支架术后6个月内需行限期手术,则建议围手术期继续服用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷;发生严重出血者,可输注单采血小板或其他止血药物(如抗纤溶药物、重组凝血因子Ⅶ)。若需停用氯吡格雷,是否可采用静脉输注替罗非班作为过渡性预防血栓仍需要研究。不建议使用肝素或低分子肝素替代阿司匹林和氯吡格雷来预防药物支架内亚急性血栓形成。
④对于冠状动脉放置支架的患者,若已经不再需要应用双联抗血小板药物,则不推荐进行过渡性治疗。
对于急诊病人
⑤对于急诊或半急诊手术的患者,建议通过多学科会诊决定术前的抗血小板治疗方案。尽量采用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷双抗治疗,至少采用阿司匹林治疗。
⑥术前口服氯吡格雷等药物的患者,若需急诊手术或发生大量出血,可输注单采血小板(成人剂量0.7*1011/kg)或其他止血药物(如抗纤溶药物、重组凝血因子)。
⑦对于联合服用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷等抗血小板药物的患者,可测定血小板的动态功能(血栓弹力图)和静态功能(血小板聚集),但需要强调的是,检验结果仅供临床参考,不能作为手术决策的依据。
⑧对于特殊患者,在抗血小板治疗不可长期停药的情况下,建议优先使用替罗非班,起效快,给药后5min对血小板的抑制作用可达到96%;其半衰期短,仅2h,停药2~4h后血小板功能即可恢复至基础值的89%,出血时间恢复正常。使用方法是将50mg替罗非班溶于生理盐水或5%葡萄糖100ml,初始30min的负荷剂量为0.4μg.kg-1·min-1,以1μg·kg-1·min-1的速率维持静脉滴注。
我们决定行立体定向手术治疗




止血芳酸(PAMBA):能够抑制纤溶酶的活性,阻止纤维蛋白的溶解,达到止血作用。对于术前蛛网膜下腔出血或脑室出血的患者有治疗作用,并能预防术中及术后出血。
(重组活化凝血因子(rFⅦa):是一种依赖维生素K的凝血因子,已用于治疗围手术期出现的急性出血情况。rFⅦa与组织因子结合,参与凝血酶的产生,加速凝血过程。神经外科主要是术前应用于合并凝血功能障碍的颅内出血患者,可以取得较好的疗效。而对于凝血机制正常的颅内出血患者,尽管rFⅦa能限制血肿扩大,但同时也会增高血栓栓塞风险,因此不推荐应用rFⅦa。
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